Renovated buildings require an extended operating temperature range from their Heat Pumps, especially when compared to new buildings. This is due to the legacy system of hydronic radiators, which require higher water flow temperatures to achieve heating capacity needs than in-floor heating, for example.Due to the often absent or less-efficient thermal insulation of older structures, the required heating capacity may be even higher than estimated herein.

Heat Pumps using existing refrigerant technologies – namely R-410A – cannot meet these requirements across an entire year, as at very low ambient temperatures, additional electrical heaters in the ...