Society urgently needs solutions to heat the building stock below 100 °C sustainably. Compared to combustion-based solutions, heat pumps provide low-temperature heat. Therefore, heat pumps avoid high exergy losses due to very high temperatures that occur due to combustion.

This presentation provides an overview of suitable heat pumps for residential buildings depending on the refrigerant choice (from the bottom), the thermodynamic process design, and the system controller functions (to the top). Since design and control are mutually dependent, their interdependencies must be studied to exploit the full sustainability potential of heat pumps in residential ...